The Brain As A Static Organ After People Entered Adulthood

In the last centuries, researchers have found evidence that the brain became a static organ after people entered adulthood. However, Norman Doidge, a Canadian born psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, believed otherwise. In his book The Brain That Changes Itself, he supports his arguments that a person’s brain can change regardless of their age and the ideas of neuroplasticity by accounting the many amazing stories and stories that demonstrate how versatile and adaptive the human brain can be. In his stories, people in desperate situations and with severe mental disabilities and illnesses overcome their problems with the help of neuroplasticity insight and their strong wills. This motivated me to change a negative aspect in my life that I have†¦show more content†¦As stated in the lecture, my behavior demonstrates the concept of the pros of procrastination: to delay hard work by choosing the short term benefit of early stress relief. It was also during this time that I got access to the many technologies that exist in my life, such as my laptop, cellphone, and IPod. In hindsight, I feel that the combination of my response to delay stressful work and my access to these technologies that provide entertainment have resulted in this bad habit of procrastination and distraction. The cons of procrastination and its long term effects outweigh if not completely negate its pros, or short term benefits. In the long run, it has caused me significantly more stress, as my work piled up and the deadline approached. The early gains in entertainment I received by procrastination were completely offset by the stress I got to finish my work before the due date. It has become a habit for me that I procrastinate from doing my work until the latest possible time, usually a day before the deadline. This is reminiscent of the deadline procrastination pattern category mentioned in the lecture. I realise that my habit of procrastination and distraction will go away on its ow n unless I deliberately try to change it and exercise my willpower. I also realize that as my life progresses, the tasks that I

Teen Pregnancy And Its Effect On Children - 865 Words

My mother always said â€Å"You are a princess and your body is a temple, so treat it like one†. As I grew up, that was the phrase that made a profound impact on my childhood. My parents felt that for me to be confident and successful, I would have to be at peace emotionally and physically during the most crucial years of my growth. They always said â€Å"Do not become another one of the statistics!†. In my early teenage years I believed that they kept me sheltered, but now in my freshmen year of college, I could not be more thankful for their guidance and protection. At the time I did not understand what she meant, but after my years in high school it all made sense. I, like many other teens, would gain knowledge on relationships and sexuality. In this country teen pregnancy has high increase in minorities, one of the main reasons why the population is expanding. It is through proper knowledge of sexuality and protection that female teens are able to prevent pregnancy. Coming from a family of immigrants, I have many life goals. I always enjoyed school and participated in extracurricular activities. My parents emphasized that keeping myself healthy and well rounded would grant me virtue and confidence. All of middle and high school I played tennis for my school and club team. While I kept myself fit, my coaches and mentors continually motivated me, even when I struggled. Outside of class, I participated in Model United Nations and spent a great amount of time on independentShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy And Its Effect On Children855 Words   |  4 PagesTeen pregnancy has been an ongoing social issue in the United States for many of years. Although the rate of teen pregnancy has decreased since the 90s, the United States is still the highest among industrialized nations. The US ranks at one and a half times higher than Great Britain, three times higher than Canada, seven times higher than Denmark and Sweden, and eight times higher than Japan (Azar 1). Society considers teenage pregnancies a problem because they believe teenagers are not emotionallyRead MoreThe Effects of Teen Pregnancy on Children1555 Words   |  7 PagesChildren from homes run by teenage mothers have to face almost insurmountable obstacles in life. The incidents of depression and mental health problems, the lack of father figures, and the high rate of poverty often connected to children in homes run by teenage mothers put them at serious disadvantages when compared to children raised in nuclear families. Many people believe that the implementation of sex education in schools and the addition of more federal aid for single parents are major causesRead MoreThe Effects Of Teen Pregnancy On Children845 Words   |  4 PagesData has shown that children who are born to teenagers are instantly placed at a higher risk of physical development, social, and behavioral problems. For instance, one-third of pregnant teens (15-19) receives no prenatal care during the fi rst trimester of pregnancy; this number has increased to 50% for girls under 15. Most teens are still developing physically, and mentally this also means they’re much more likely to have premature babies or preterm labor. Preterm and/or low birth weight babiesRead More The Effects of Teen Pregnancy on Children Essay1147 Words   |  5 Pagesare many obstacles for children of teenage mothers to face. These children have serious disadvantages in contrast to those children who come from nuclear families. Often they lack a father figure, have a high poverty rate, and there are incidents of depression and mental health problems. Many people are blaming the sex education programs in schools and the additional federal aid being offered to single parents as major causes for the country’s high rate of teen pregnancies (Carole). Although, theRead MoreEffects Of Teen Pregnancy On Children s Reproductive System972 Words   |  4 Pagesof unplanned teen pregnancies amongst the most developed countries in the world. Approximately 750,000 teens will become p regnant this year and with the lack of resources to terminate those unwanted pregnancies more than ninety two percent of those teens will become parents before graduating high school. Plan B one step emergency contraception is now available over the counter as of August 2013 an although there has been a great debate on whether or not the open availability to teens as young as fifteenRead MoreThe Negative Effects of Teen Pregnancy1085 Words   |  5 PagesThere are different effects on teenage mothers than there is on teenage fathers. Mothers lose more friends and are looked at way differently; fathers keep most of their friends without too many people having an opinion about him. After the mother has her baby, she can’t go back to school, so she has to be put on homebound. The father can go to school, can play sports, and can have fun with his friends. Both the mother and the father have responsibility, but the mother has to do more, like work toRead MoreTeenage Pregnancy An d Teen Pregnancy1057 Words   |  5 PagesTeenage pregnancy is a common thing here in America. It seems teens are getting pregnant more than the average married couple. There are some risk factors teen moms face and there is also another great turn outs. There is a major difference between the two. It’s important to tell teens the turnouts of teen pregnancy for the good and bad parts. There are risks of having sex, teen moms can make a difference for her and the baby, the risk of having HIV and/or any other STD’s, and the effects on the babyRead MoreReflecting on Sources: An Assignment1879 Words   |  7 Pageshelp in reducing and preventing of teen pregnancy. The organization is called The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. She is influential because she has served on many advisory boards which promote the values and policies towards the prevention of teen pregnancy ADDIN EN.CITE The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy201197(The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2011a)979712The National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy,Sarah Brown20111776 Massachusetts AvenueTheRead MoreThe Controversy Regarding Teenage Pregnancy: The Essential Role of Education and Good Parenting1270 Words   |  5 Pagespresently much controversy regarding teenage pregnancy and the probability of its chances being reduced by education and good parenting. The surrounding environment plays an essential role when considering teenage pregnancy and it is thus very important for teenagers to be provided with proper education and a positive environment in order for them to be able to understand the difference between right and wrong. One of the most important things about teen pregnancy is that society as a whole needs to getRead MoreCause and Effect of Teen Pregnancy1043 Words   |  4 PagesCause and effect of teen pregnancy Teenagers suffering health problems is high Many teenagers will try to hide the pregnancy from their parents and teachers, in doing this they do not get the initial medical attention required during the first months of pregnancy. It is estimated that 33% of teenage pregnancy fail to receive necessary prenatal care. The lack of prenatal care leads to increased risk of anemia, miscarriage, and high blood pressure to the teenager. Many teenagers will hide their

Design of Industrial Robots Free Essays

string(136) " of maps and informations, creative activity of user interfaces, and interfacing with plans written in other linguistic communications\." Abstraction Today, industrial automaton is used in assorted intents such as welding, picture, choice and topographic point, production review, and proving. Because of its popular, industrial automaton has become interesting field, many companies, research centres and scientists spend much of money, clip to better features of industrial automaton. Simulation is a cardinal competency for both robot makers, users and scientists to better automaton public presentation, safety and cut down automaton cost, power, clip. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Industrial Robots or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this thesis, brief kinematics, kineticss and control theory are mentioned ; equations from these theories are applied for R-R and R-R-R operator, so these consequences are compared with simulation consequences to verify simulation consequences. In add-on, a simple existent theoretical account is built with 2 dynamixel servo motors ; the existent theoretical account can make simple work such as traveling point to indicate, following consecutive line. The simulations of automaton operator are performed by Recurdyn-Colink and Recurdyn-Matlab/Simulink. Forward and reverse kinematics are used to simulation automaton operator to execute progress trajectory way, the consequences from these simulations are used in kineticss subdivision. PD feedforward control besides is indicated, the control system based on independent articulation control, which frequently is known as single-input/ single-output system. These consequences from simulation are tantamount with theory. These consequences besides provide a batch of utile information for a batch of intents such as layout rating to avoid obstruction, optimisation flight way, kinematics, kineticss study. Keywords: automaton operator, kinematics, kineticss, feedforward control. 1 Introduction Motivation and history of industrial automaton Today, we can run into industrial automaton in many mills in the universe. Applications of industrial automatons include welding, picture, choice and topographic point ( packing or SMT line ) , production review, and proving. Harmonizing to the International Federation of Robotics ( IFR ) , by the terminal of 2011, there were at least 1,153,000 operational industrial automatons. And IFR estimated the world-wide gross revenues of industrial automatons about US $ 8.5 billion. If cost of package, peripherals and systems technology are included, the industrial automaton market was estimated US $ 25.5 billion in 2011. Therefore, industrial automaton has been become an interesting field. Along with development of industrial automaton, simulation and theoretical account of industrial automatons are of import. They can supply a batch of utile information for many intents such as layout rating, kinematic, dynamic survey, off-line scheduling to avoid obstruction in the undertaking infinite and design mechanical construction of automatons. The history of industrial automaton has associated with the development of computing machine aided design ( CAD ) and computing machine aided fabrication ( CAM ) systems. In 1954, George Devol applied for the first robotics patents ( granted in 1961 ) . In 1956, Devol and Joseph F. Engelberger formed the world’s foremost robot company was Unimation which was based on Devol’s original patents and Engelberger has been called as the male parent of robotics. Unimation has been built with hydraulic actuators and programmed in joint co-ordinates. The angle of each articulation was stored during a teaching stage and replayed in operation. In the 70s the automaton industry increased really rapidly because of the tremendous investings by the automotive industry. In Europe, ABB Robotics and KUKA Robotics brought automatons to the market in 1973. ABB Robotics introduced IRB 6, it was become the first commercially operator which controlled all electric by micro-processor in the universe. The first two IRB 6 automatons were installed in production for crunching and smoothing pipe decompression sicknesss in 1974. In 1973 KUKA Robotics built its first automaton, FAMULUS, besides one of the first articulated automatons have driven six electromechanically axes. In US, many US companies entered the field, including elephantine companies such as General Electric, and General Motors ( a joint venture formed by General Motors and FANUC LTD of Japan called FANUC Robotics ) . Other companies besides started robotics concern such as Automatix and Adept Technology, Inc. In 1984, Unimation was acquired by Westinghouse Electric Corporati on for 107 million U.S. dollars. After that Westinghouse sold Unimation to Staubli Faverges SCA of France in 1988, which is still doing articulated automatons for general industrial and cleanroom applications and even bought the robotic division of Bosch in late 2004. Hardware and Software During this thesis, three package ( RecurDyn, SolidWorks, Matlab ) have been used to work out this thesis assignment. Dynamixel servo motor besides was used for experimental intents. RecurDyn V8R2 RecurDyn is developed by FunctionBay, Inc. which is a professional CAE company and provides MultiBody Dynamics ( MBD ) . RecurA ­Dyn is a modern CAE package suite which offers the alone combination of Multibody Dynamics, Finite Element Analysis and Controls. Dynamic Rigid and Flexible Body Analysis to the full integrated additive and nonlinear Finite Element Analysis supply item information of realistic theoretical accounts for design surveies and bettering merchandise public presentation. By utilizing FE mesh, RecurDyn can imitate overall gesture every bit good as local distortions, strains and emphasiss. RecurDyn CoLink, an incorporate signal flow oriented control design tool. It provides off-line simulation of mechatronic systems, traveling far beyond the classical Co-Simulation attack. If a elaborate Recurdyn multi flexible organic structure dynamic works theoretical account is used, the user can cut down the figure of cringles during the practical accountant parametric quantity optimisation procedure. In add-on, RecurDyn besides can link with Matlab/Simulink which has a batch of block libraries, plan linguistic communication tool, etc. for dynamic system. Last but non least, RecurDyn has supported a batch of CAD package which are used as the Parasolid Kernel plan. SolidWorks SolidWorks is really popular 3D mechanical computing machine aided design package which runs on Microsoft Windows. It is established by Dassault Systemes SolidWorks Corp. It used Parasolid Kernel attack to make theoretical accounts and assemblies. Presently, over 2 million applied scientists and interior decorator usage SolidWorks at more than 165000 companies in whole universe. Matlab MATLAB is a numerical computer science environment and fourth-generation scheduling linguistic communication including C, C++ , Java, and FORTRAN. Established and developed by MathWorks, MATLAB is good known for matrix uses, plotting of maps and informations, creative activity of user interfaces, and interfacing with plans written in other linguistic communications. You read "Design of Industrial Robots" in category "Essay examples" In add-on, Simulink is an add-on merchandise with block libraries, informations flow graphical plan linguistic communication tool for mold, simulation, and analysing multi-domain dynamic and embedded systems. Dynamixel DYNAMIXEL is a consecutive high public presentation networked actuators for automatons developed by ROBOTIS. DYNAMIXEL can be used for multi-joint robot systems such as robotic weaponries, robotic manus, bi-pedal automaton, hexapod automaton, snake automaton, kinematic art, animatronics and mechanization, etc†¦ DYNAMIXEL can be controlled utilizing Personal computer through USB2Dynamixel by many package such as Matlab, python, Microsoft Visual Studio ( C++ , C # ) , Visual Basic, Java, LabVIEW, occultation, ROS ( TTL/RS485/RS232 communicating ) . DYNAMIXEL besides can be controlled utilizing sole accountant such as CM-5 ( ATMega128 ) , CM-700 ( ATMega2561 ) , CM-510 ( ATMega2561 ) , CM-530 ( ARM Cortex M3 ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.001.png"/ Fig1. Dynamixel servo motor Outline part Chapter 2. Background theory 2.1 Positions, Orientations, and Frames 2.1.1 Position In a co-ordinate system, any point can place with a 3Ãâ€"1 place vector in the existence. The place of point P in co-ordinate system is ordered set of three Numberss. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.002.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.003.png"/ Fig2. Vector comparative to border { A } 2.1.2 Orientation 2.1.2 Frames In robotics, the state of affairs of a place and an orientation brace arises so frequently is called a frame, which is a set of four vectors including one vector describes place and 3 vectors describe orientation. The base frame, { B } The base frame has place at the base of the automaton operator. It is appended to a unmoving portion of the automaton and frequently called link 0. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.004.png"/ Fig3. The criterion frame The station frame, { S } The station frame has location in a task-relevant, in the figure above, it is at the corner of a tabular array which the automaton is to work, and all motions of the operator are implemented comparative to it. Sometimes, it is besides called as the existence frame, universe frame or the undertaking frame. The carpus frame, { W } The carpus frame { W } is fastened to the last nexus of the operator. { W } frequently has its beginning fixed at a point called the carpus of the operator, and { W } will travel with the last nexus of the operator. The tool frame, { T } The tool frame { T } is appended to the terminal of any tool the automaton happens to be keeping. { T } is normally located with its beginning between the fingertips of the automaton when the manus is empty. The end frame, { G } The end frame has location to which the automaton is to travel the tool. At the terminal of the gesture, the tool frame should be brought to happenstance with the end frame. Chapter 3 Operator Kinematicss Kinematicss is the scientific discipline of gesture including the place, the speed, the acceleration, and all higher order derived functions of the place variables. This chapter has 4th subdivisions: the Denavit-Hartenberg ( D-H ) parametric quantities, the forward kinematics, the opposite kinematics, the Jacobian. 3.1 Denavit-Hartenberg Any robot operator can be described kinematically by the values of four measures for each nexus. Two describe the nexus itself, and two describe the link’s connexion to a adjacent nexus. The definition of mechanisms by 4th measures is a convention normally called the Denavit-Hartenberg notation. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.005.png"/ Fig4. Description of D-H parametric quantities aI= the distance from ZIto Zi+1measured along TenI img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.006.png"= the angle from ZIto Zi+1measured about TenI vitamin DI= the distance from Teni-1to XImeasured along ZI img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.007.png"= the angle from Teni-1to XImeasured about ZI 3.2 Forward Kinematicss Forward kinematics is used to calculate the place and orientation of the tool frame from joint parametric quantities. The transmutation from frame { one } to border { i-1 } img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.008.png"( 3.1 ) The nexus transmutations is multiplied together to happen the individual transmutation that relates frame { N } to border { 0 } img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.009.png"( 3.2 ) 3.2.1 R-R operator forward kinematics Lengths of two links are L1 and L2. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.010.png"/ Fig5. R-R nexus frame assignment Link I aI vitamin DI I 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 Liter1 0 2 Table1. D-H parametric quantities of R-R operator Computational transmutation matrices of each nexus img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.011.png"( 3.3 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.012.png"( 3.4 ) Therefore,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.013.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.014.png"( 3.5 ) 3.2.2 R-R-R operator forward kinematics img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.015.png"/ Fig6. R-R-R operator parametric quantities I img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.016.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.017.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.018.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.019.png"/ 1 0 0 img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.020.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.021.png"/ 2 -90 0 0 img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.022.png"/ 3 0 img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.023.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.024.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.025.png"/ 4 -90 img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.026.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.027.png"/ 0 Table2. D-H parametric quantities of R-R operator Transformation matrix for each nexus: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.028.png"( 3.6 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.029.png"( 3.7 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.030.png"( 3.8 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.031.png"( 3.9 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.032.png"( 3.10 ) The transmutation matriximg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.033.png"is gained by matrix generation of the single nexus matrices. At first,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.034.png"is gained by multiplyingimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.035.png"andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.036.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.037.png"/ =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.038.png"( 3.11 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.039.png"/ =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.040.png"( 3.12 ) Finally img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.041.png"/ =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.042.png"/ =img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.043.png"( 3.13 ) Here, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.044.png"( 3.14 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.045.png"( 3.15 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.046.png"( 3.16 ) The matriximg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.047.png"establishes the kinematics of R-R-R automaton operator ; it expresses the relationship between frame { 4 } and frame { 0 } about place and orientation. 3.3 Inverse Kinematicss Inverse kinematics is survey of happening the needed articulation angles to put the tool frame, { T } , comparative to the station frame, { S } . The reverse kinematics job is well harder than the forward kinematics job. Unlike forward kinematics which ever exist solution, solution for reverse kinematics may non be. The being of a solution defines the workspace of a operator. If the exist solution, there can even be an infinite figure of solutions, for instant â€Å"elbow up† and â€Å"elbow down† solutions. 3.3.1 Using for R-R Transformation from frame { 2 } to border { 0 } is mentioned by forward kinematics. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.048.png"/ In frame { 2 } , the co-ordinate of point P is [ L20 0 1 ] . In the frame { 0 } , the co-ordinate of point P is [ten Y0 1 ] . Therefore img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.049.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.050.png"( 3.17 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.051.png"( 3.18 ) Square booth equations so add them: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.052.png"( 3.19 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.053.png"( 3.20 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.054.png"( 3.21 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.055.png"( 3.22 ) Writingten, Yin the signifier img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.056.png"( 3.23 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.057.png"( 3.24 ) Where img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.058.png"( 3.25 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.059.png"( 3.26 ) If img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.060.png"( 3.27 ) And img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.061.png"( 3.28 ) Then img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.062.png"( 3.29 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.063.png"( 3.30 ) Equation ( 3.23 ) and ( 3.24 ) can be written as img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.064.png"( 3.31 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.065.png"( 3.32 ) So img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.066.png"( 3.33 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.067.png"( 3.34 ) Therefore, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.068.png"( 3.35 ) Finally, equation for?1 img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.069.png"( 3.36 ) See equation ( 3.22 ) , minus or plus gestural corresponds positions of R-R operator. In this state of affairs, â€Å"elbow up† and â€Å"elbow down† are mentioned. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.070.jpg"/ Fig7. Two positions of R-R operator 3.3.1 Using for R-R-R From forward kinematics of R-R-R operator img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.041.png"/ So, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.071.png"( 3.37 ) From equation ( 3.6 ) , Inverting matriximg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.072.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.073.png"( 3.38 ) Substitute in ( 3.37 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.074.png"( 3.39 ) So, img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.075.png"( 3.40 ) See about trigonometric permutations img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.076.png"( 3.41 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.077.png"( 3.42 ) Where img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.078.png"( 3.43 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.079.png"( 3.44 ) Using ( 3.41 ) and ( 3.42 ) , equation ( 3.40 ) can be written as img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.080.png"( 3.45 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.081.png"( 3.46 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.082.png"( 3.47 ) So img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.083.png"( 3.48 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.084.png"( 3.49 ) Finally, the solution forimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.085.png": img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.086.png"( 3.50 ) See elements ( 1,4 ) and ( 3,4 ) of the matrix in the right-hand of equation ( 3.39 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.087.png"( 3.51 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.088.png"( 3.52 ) Square both ( 3.51 ) and ( 3.52 ) so add the resulting equations img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.089.png"( 3.53 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.090.png"( 3.54 ) Or img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.091.png"( 3.55 ) Where img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.092.png"( 3.56 ) Equation ( 3.55 ) is of the same signifier as ( 3.40 ) so can be solved by the same method. Therefore, solution forimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.093.png"is: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.094.png"( 3.57 ) So find solution forimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.095.png", consider: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.096.png"/ img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.097.png"( 3.58 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.098.png"( 3.59 ) Comparing both the ( 1,4 ) and ( 2,4 ) elements of matrix in right-hand of ( 3.59 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.099.png"( 3.60 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.100.png"( 3.61 ) These equations can be solved at the same time forimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.101.png"andimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.102.png" img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.103.png"( 3.62 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.104.png"( 3.63 ) From equation ( 3.62 ) and ( 3.63 ) , img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.105.png"( 3.64 ) Becauseimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.106.png", therefore the concluding solution forimg alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.107.png"is: img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.108.png"( 3.65 ) The subtraction or plus mark in ( 3.50 ) and ( 3.57 ) do four possible position of operator. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.109.png"/ Fig8. Fourth positions of R-R-R operator 3.4 Jacobians Relationship between the joint speed and the Cartesian speed is determined Jacobian img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.110.png"/ WhereVis a speed vector in Cartesian and ? is the vector of joint angles, J ( ? ) is Jacobian. The Jacobian has figure of rows is peers the figure of grade of freedom in the Cartesian infinite, and figure of columns is equal the figure of joint. For case, a general automaton with six articulations, The Jacobian is matrix of 6Ãâ€"6,img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.111.png"is 6Ãâ€"1, and Cartesian speedVis 6x1with 3Ãâ€"1 additive speed vector and 3Ãâ€"1 rotational speed vector. Example for R-R operator theoretical account The Jacobian can be written a 2Ãâ€"2 matrix which relates joint speed to end-effector speed. The location of point P ( end-effector ) is (ten, Y) so, from equation ( 3.17 ) and ( 3.18 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.112.png"( 3.66 ) Derivative ( 3.66 ) img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.113.png"( 3.67 ) Or img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.114.png"( 3.68 ) So, the Jacobian in frame { 0 } is img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.115.png"( 3.69 ) Other progress of Jacobian is invertible. From ( 3.70 ) , joint rate can be calculated with a certain speed vector in Cartesian co-ordinate. Note that most operators will hold values of ? where the Jacobian turns into singular. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0919186.116.png"( 3.70 ) Chapter 4 Manipulator Dynamics In this chapter, equations of gesture for operator with torsions applied by actuators or external forces applied to the operator are mentioned. Chpater 5 Trajectory and Control Mentions [ 1 ] John J. Craig, 2005, Introduction to Robotics Mechanics and Control, 3rded. , Pearson Education, Inc. [ 2 ] Ahmed A. Shabana, 2005, Dynamics of Multibody Systems, 3rded. , Cambridge University Press. [ 3 ] Reza N. Jazar, 2010, Theory of Applied Robotics Kinematics, Dynamics, and Control, 2neodymiumed. , Springer. [ 4 ] RECURDYN, 2012, RecurDyn/ Solver Theoretical Manual, 8Thursdayed. , FunctionBay, Inc. [ 5 ] Frank L.Lewis, Darren M.Dawson, Chaouki T.Abdallah, 2004, Robot Manipulator Control Theory and Practice, 2neodymiumed. , Marcel Dekker, Inc. [ 6 ] Wikipedia How to cite Design of Industrial Robots, Essay examples

Detailed Case Study on Echo Electronics & Alvis Corporation

Question: Case Study Echo Electronics Paul Sanchez is the production manager for Echo Electronics, a small company that makes and distributes communications equipment. Paul's direct subordinates are the supervisors of the four production departments in the company's manufacturing plant. Six months ago, the engineering manager at Echo Electronics proposed a plan to install new computerized workstations to increase productivity in the plant. It seemed to be a good idea to Paul, and he welcomed the change. The CEO also approved the plan, and the new equipment was installed immediately. Three months later, Paul was surprised and disappointed to find that the expected increase in productivity did not occur. In fact, productivity and quality actually decreased. The marketing manager told Paul that several of their best customers complained about receiving Echo equipment that was defective. Paul does not believe that the problem lies with the new workstations. Technicians from the firm that built the workstations recently checked them and found that they were operating properly. Paul talked to someone at another company that uses the workstations, and his contact reported that they were having great success with them. When Paul discussed the problem with his four production supervisors, he found that they shared his concern but did not agree among themselves about the cause of the problem. Reasons given for the decline in performance included poor design of the workstations, inadequate training of the production workers who operate them, and lack of financial incentives for increasing productivity. The supervisors also told Paul that the production workers have strong feelings about the workstations. Morale declined, and two employees quit because they were upset about the changes made in the way the work is done.. This morning Paul received a phone call from the CEO who just received the production figures for last month and was calling to express concern about them. The CEO indicated that the problem was Paul's to solve, but he must take immediate steps to deal with it. The CEO wants to know by next week what steps Paul will take to reverse the decline in productivity and product quality. Alvis Corporation Kathy McCarthy was the ' manager of a production department in Alvis Corporation, a firm that manufactures office equipment. The workers are not unionized. After reading an article that stressed the benefits of participative management, Kathy believed that these benefits could be realized in her department if the workers were allowed to participate in making some decisions that affect them. Kathy selected two decisions for an experiment in participative management. The first decision involved holiday schedules. Each summer the workers are given two weeks holiday, but no more than two workers can go on holiday at the same time. In prior years, Kathy made this decision herself. She would first ask the workers to indicate their preferred dates, then she considered how the work would be affected if different people were out at the same time. It was important to plan a holiday schedule that would ensure adequate staffing for all of the essential operations performed by the department. When more than two workers wanted the same time period, and they had similar skills, she usually gave preference to the workers with the highest productivity. The second decision involved production standards. Sales had been increasing steadily over the past few years, and the company recently installed some new equipment to increase productivity. The new equipment would make it possible to produce more with the same number of workers. The company had a pay incentive system in which workers received a piece rate for each unit produced above a standard amount. Separate standards existed for each type of product, based on an industrial engineering study conducted a few years earlier. Top management wanted to readjust the production standards to reflect that fact that the new equipment made it possible for the workers to earn more without working any harder. The savings from higher productivity were needed to help pay for the new equipment. Kathy called a meeting of her 15 workers an hour before the end of the work day and explained that she wanted them to discuss the two issues and make recommendations. Kathy figured that the workers might be inhibited about participating in the discussion if she were present, so she left them alone to discuss the issues. Besides, Kathy had an appointment to meet with the quality control manager. Quality problems had increased after the new equipment was installed, and the industrial engineers were studying the problem in an attempt to determine why quality had gotten worse rather than better. When Kathy returned to her department just at quitting time, she was surprised to learn that the workers recommended keeping the standards the same. She had assumed they knew the pay incentives were no longer fair and would set a higher standard. What actions could Paul have taken to prevent the problem? What steps should Paul take now to deal with the problem? Answer: 1. What actions could Paul have taken to prevent the problem? As the production manager; Paul should have communicated the plan of the implementation of the new computer work stations to his subordinates who are the supervisors of the four production departments. When the announcement for the implementation was done, Paul should have given the instruction to train them with the new technology. On the contrary he did not provide any training to the staffs (Quinn, Amer and Lonie, 2015). As the technology was new, it was up to him to motivate the staffs and provide them with incentives to that they are influenced to work hard to meet the quality of the products. More over the workers were not made adaptive to work in the new work stations, thus their morale declined, which could have been improved if some training was provided to them. 2. What steps should Paul take now to deal with the problem? Paul should immediately arrange for trainers who could train the employees on the workings of the new work stations. He must supervise the quality of the training that is being provided to them. The remaining employees should be motivated so that they feel associated with the workings of the new workstations (Spiro, 2015). He must provide financial incentives to the employees so that they work hard. It must be kept in mind that motivation, performance appraisal, benefits, incentives, etc can make the employees feel motivated to work hard for the development of the organization. Moreover Paul must communicate with the worker of the company and coordinate the workings of the production department with the marketing department. Summary of the case study Echo Electronics is a small company that makes and distributes communication equipments, has faced a serious problem recently. The companys production manager is given to task to sort out the problem with in a weeks time. The problem was such that the company has implemented new computerized workstations with the consultation of Paul, when he gladly accepted the change. Even the CEO of the company also accepted the proposition. The problem arose three months later when the productivity and the quality of the products declined. It was reported by the marketing manager that the production as well the quality declined and complaints were coming that Echos products were defective. The complaints came from the old customers of the company; it was seen that instead of increasing, the production declined and there was not one specific reason behind it. Paul has talked with other businesses who uses th e same instruments, but no faults in the equipments were found. Then he discussed the problem with the four supervisors and found that the staffs of the productions heard his problem but they were not in terms with him. He found that the people were reluctant and were not comfortable with the new workstations. They had no proper training to operate the new machines. Thus the productivity declined. Moreover there were no financial incentives given to the workers. Matter got worse when Paul got a call from the CEO about the decline in the figures of the sales and he was asked to solve the problem with in a weak and he has to sort it within a weak. He has to reverse the decline of the production and the quality of the products. References Quinn, D., Amer, Y. and Lonie, A. (2015).Leading change: Applying change management approaches to engage students in blended learning. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.ascilite.org.au/ajet/ajet28/quinn.pdf [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015]. Spiro, J. (2015).LEADING CHANGE HANDBOOK. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.wallacefoundation.org/knowledge-center/school-leadership/district-policy-and-practice/Documents/leading-change-handbook.pdf [Accessed 14 Mar. 2015].

Analysis of the problems free essay sample

This case study highlights about the analysis of the problems, background, theories, and action plans. Before exploring Tucker Company, it is necessary to know the background including its past and present. It will be discussed further about the problems in Tucker Company that occurred when it reorganizing its company into 3 new divisions. The 3 new divisions are also known as 3 new product lines of Tucker Company. In the following point, it draws the relation among those problems with some managements theories. In the end of this report, it will also be provided what the company should do to solve those problems. II)Case background Tucker Company carried out an extensive restructuring I 1978 which divide the company into three major product lines and will lead by a new vice – president and he will report to Mr. Harnett, the CEO of Tucker Company. The new product lines were commercial jet engines, military jet engines and utility turbines. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of the problems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each division would have their departments such as manufacturing, engineering and accounting department. There was a old laboratory which continue support the three main division after the reorganization. Mr Hodge was the new manager of the laboratory manager in 1988. He focused more on his own advancement more than the company’s development. Few months later, several conflicts occurred in his laboratory and he was the main reason which caused this conflicts. Argument happened between Mr. Hodge and Mr. Franklin, the manager of engineering department over the implementation of the results and the time of handling his request taking a longer time under his management. The arguments between Mr. Hodge and Mr. Franklin occur successively and caused one of the Mr. Franklin’s projects failed. III) Problem analysis Problem that occurred in Tucker Company is conflict while the progressing of Tucker Companys reorganization its company into 3 principle product lines. It was about personal conflict between Hodge and Franklin who disagreed over the implementation of the materials. Even though it was personal problem, it could affect all aspects of the company and it might become a crucial matter. The engineer of the utility turbine division, Mr. Franklin, wanted his department to be in charge in final decision of the materials. Meanwhile, Mr. Hodge, the new laboratory manager, as the replacement of the previous laboratory manager which was Mr. Garfield. Mr. Hodge stated that he is a metallurgist. Thus, the final decision should be on him. Unlike Mr. Garfield, from the point of view of Mr. Hodges peers, he was more interested in his own advancement rather than companys advancement. IV)a)Theories Management theory – divisional structure Divisional structure can be defined as a structure which usually consists of several parallel teams focusing on a single product or service line. Tucker Company applies this divisional structure and divides into 3 product lines which were commercial jet engines, military jet engines and utility turbines. There were some advantages and disadvantages of this divisional structure. i)Advantage The advantage of using divisional structure was that every team or group will be focused on a single product and supported by a leadership structure. The manager has to divide the workers with same abilities and talents into a same group and focus on the product which they were expertise in. Through this method, the company will become more effective and will have higher productivity. Furthermore, due to the division, it is easier for manager to measure their performance. Another advantage by applying this divisional structure will be each product lines were self sufficient and flexible. The divisional structure was designed so each teams or groups were self-sufficient which means each group will have its own department. For instance, in Tucker Company, 3 new product lines will have its own department such as engineering department, manufacturing department and accounting department and these groups will operate separately so that these groups can focused on a particular goal. ii)Disadvantage On the other hand, the disadvantage for this divisional structure was the cost of operations was usually very high. In Tucker Company, each products line will have their departments and each department needed its own resources and these will increase the cost of operations. In addition, each product lines will have 1 divisional head and conflicts between divisional heads will occurred when every divisional heads wants to show their supremacy. Company could not operate well if every divisional heads would not cooperate well and could not meet the company’s goals and objective. b)Theory of scarcity First of all, scarcity means unlimited wants and limited resources and it was impossible for a company to meet all goals at the same time. Same problem happened in Tucker Company. Tucker Company has 3 products lines but only 1 laboratory. It was simply means that the company has scarce resources which refer to the laboratory. 3 departments are using 1 laboratory at the laboratory cannot used by three departments at the same time. So they have to choose which departments have to use first and other department shave to give up using it. Argument between departments will eventually occurred and these argument only can be solved or minimize by maximized the resources.

Politics and the public essays

Politics and the public essays When it comes to the issue of government, there is always the question of public involvement. Occasionally, people do not want to be involved, and some have that choice. Sometimes people do want to be involved, but do not have that option. Public involvement in politics is a subject that is very controversial, because people have very different opinions. People in dictatorships believe the public should not take part in decisions. Dictatorships can be very effective. They work and are efficient because of the single leader that controls everything. Hitler led a dictatorship, and was very successful. The people followed and respected him. They did not realize what Hitler was really doing, which was destroying the country and the people. There are no elections, which usually take a long time in democratic countries. For that reason and many others, change happens fast in a dictatorship because a single ruler or oligarchy controls everything. It is also the easiest to govern, because other than the few who object, the citizens follow and obey the leader effortlessly. There is one person to deal with national emergencies because one person controls the military. With a snap of a dictators fingers, the country can go to war. Banned opposition causes less war within the country, and uprisings are controlled. Another example of the good a dictatorship does is drug control, because there is less use of dr ugs in a dictatorial country than in a democracy. Dictatorships have many unattractive aspects as well. The people live in fear, and are unhappy, because they usually are not receiving what jobs they need, or much entertainment, and they are not content socially. Citizens surrender all rights and follow all rules and laws without hesitation. This is because if they do not follow, there is usually an unwanted punishment for being criminal. The citizens typically live in fear and do not know what to expect with th...

International Politics Current Event Memo Article

International Politics Current Event Memo - Article Example It was confirmed that the policies used by China were violating the set global trade rules. Particularly, it was confirmed that the export rules applied by China on the rare-earth metals were not consistent with China’s obligation in the WTO. In defense, China stated that the rules were in place as a measure to safeguard the environment, but the WTO said that those reasons were not enough to limit exports. The WTO ruling covered seventeen rare-earth metals that are used in making of electronic products. According to the authors, the decision is likely to see a reduction in rare-earth metals prices. The authors note that the Obama leadership is keen on stepping up such trade cases against countries such as Russia, China and India. This is in an attempt to stop such countries from violating WTO rules. The main actors covered in the article are China, the United States and the World Trade Organization. On one hand, China’s interest is to limit the export of rare-earth metals to other countries. According to Chinese officials, such restrictions are important in helping conserve the environment. On the other hand, the WTO and the United States are keen on ensuring that China does not put policies in place that violate the WTO rules and limit international trade. For the WTO, this is an attempt to create a level-playing field in which all countries operate on fair policies that do not negatively affect other member countries. As noted in the article, the US is interested in following such cases in order to enhance fair trade policies. This is of benefit to the US economy. For example, it is noted in the article that the steelmakers in the United States welcomed the decision taken by the WTO since some of these rare-earth metals such as tungsten are used in the steel industry. The institutions relevant to the article include World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and

Compensation System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compensation System - Essay Example take place in different plans like weekly or monthly payment of wages, economic loss compensation, payment of medical expenses and compensation to the dependants of a killed employee in the work place. Compensation of loss which occurs as a result of employee negligence does not take place in many jurisdictions. There many workers compensation systems which ensure that all employees have received their rights of compensation as stipulated in the Statutory. Longshore and Harbor Workers Compensation Act (LSA) cover all employees in the maritime industry. The Jones Act provides compensation and protection of seamen (Lee, 2009). Another program is called Federal Coal Mine Health Safety Act which covers people working in mine industries. It provides compensation to the miners who develop lungs complications. Veterans Administration is another program which provides compensation to people with complications and disabilities not related to their services (King, 2007). In case of disability insurance, an organization should provide weekly payment of wages. This will enable employees to care for medical and family expenses. The employee will receive money weekly, and this can help in quick recovery through receiving a favorable medical care. The company providing weekly payment can incur loss because of payment of processing fee each week instead of making a single payment. Economic loss compensation can be made for past and future loss (Max, 2012). Many people have provided wrong information about loss claim in order to get compensation in this plan. In case of health insurance, employee receives compensation for medical bills. This compensates workers when they develop a complication while providing services (Duke, 2010). The last plan is compensation of the dependants of employees who die in the work place. There same instances in which a person can not receive a compensation. When individual suffers as a result of negligence he/she does not get compensation from any

Line Managers and HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Line Managers and HRM - Essay Example Retailco at the same time is also not interested in investing much into the part timers as the major advantage of hiring the part time workers is the cost saving as compared to the full time workers. Another problem with the part time workers is that the part time workers have other commitments too. The turnover of part time workers is high as they have less loyalty and less bonding with the organization working in. On the other hand, the full time work force is expensive to manage and maintain. The part time workers are only paid for their services whereas the full time workers also receive a hefty benefits package alongwith their basic salary. From the perspective of recruitment of part time workers as opposed to full time employees, the part time workers have to be hired more frequently. Store managers have substantial responsibility in terms of management and human resource activities. These managers are responsible for local HR activities including, but not restricted to, recruitment and selection, on-the-job training, staff scheduling and performance management. The workforce majority being the part time workers pose a difficulty for the store managers to manage their time to conduct such additional tasks which do not directly contribute to their performance. Store managers have set cost targets and budgets constraints within which they have to remain. They believe that hiring full time workers costs more in terms of overtime rate, for example, and thus they would run out of their budget limits if they hire full time workers. Thus they prefer hiring part time workers over full time employees. Another problem arising as a consequence of such a budget based recruitment practice is that the recruitment is

EndoPredict and Mammaprint Risk Classification

EndoPredict and Mammaprint Risk Classification Comparison of risk classification between EndoPredict and Mammaprint in ER-positive/HER2-negative primary invasive breast cancer. Alberto Pelez-Garcia, Laura Yebenes, Alberto Berjon, Antonia Angulo, Pilar Zamora, Jose Ignacio Snchez-Mendez, Enrique Espinosa, Andres Redondo, Victoria Heredia, Marta Mendiola, Jaime Feliu, David Hardisson Corresponding Author: David Hardisson, MD, PhD; Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ; Paseo de la Castellana, 261; 28046 Madrid, Spain. ABSTRACT Purpose To compare the prognostic performance of the EndoPredict assay with the MammaPrint scores obtained for the same cancer samples on 40 estrogen-receptor positive/HER2-negative breast carcinomas. Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded invasive breast carcinoma tissues that were previously analyzed with MammaPrint as part of routine care of the patients, andwere classified as high-risk (20 patients) and low-risk (20 patients), were selected to be analyzed by the EndoPredict assay, a second generation gene expression test that combines expression of 8 genes (EP score) with two clinicopathological factors (tumor size and nodal status, EPclin score). Results The EP score classified 15 patients as low-risk and 25 patients as high-risk. EPclin re-classified 5 of the 25 EP high-risk patients into low-risk, resulting in a total of 20 high-risk and 20 low-risk tumors. EP score and MammaPrint score were significantly correlated (p=0.008). Twelve of 20 samples classified as low-risk by MammaPrint were also low-risk by EP score (60%). 17 of 20 MammaPrint high-risk tumors were also high-risk by EP score. The overall concordance between EP score and MammaPrint was 72.5%.   EPclin score also correlated with MammaPrint results (p=0.004). Discrepancies between both tests occurred in 10 cases: 5 MammaPrint low-risk patients were classified as EPclin high-risk and 5 high-risk MammaPrint were classified as low-risk by EPClin (overall concordance 75%). Conclusions This study demonstrates a moderate concordance between MammaPrint and EndoPredict. Differences in results could be explained by the inclusion of different gene sets in each platform, and the inclusion of clinical parameters, such as tumor size and nodal status, in the EndoPredict test. Keywords:  Breast cancer prognosis; gene expression signatures; EndoPredict; MammaPrint INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the second most frequent cause of cancer death among women in developed countries. Approximately 231,840 new cases of invasive breast cancer and 40,290 deaths are expected among US women in 2015 [1]. Currently, the decision on adjuvant treatment for breast cancer patients is based on risk assessment using clinicopathological criteria, such as patient age, menopausal status, axillary lymph node status, tumor size, tumor grade, estrogen receptor (ER)/progesterone receptor (PgR) expression, HER2 status, and Ki67 score. However, decision making in adjuvant treatment of women with ER-positive/HER2-negative early breast cancer remains a difficult task. Routinely, all of these patients will receive adjuvant hormonal treatment. However, a substantial proportion of these patients are also treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, although a significant part of these will not achieve a further reduction of their risk of recurrence [2].Therefore, a major challenge for clinical oncologists is to identify those patients who will not benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy, and those who are more likely to develop recurrence, so that the most appropriate therapeutic regime can be administered [2, 3]. In recent years, molecular characterization of breast cancer has contributed to broaden our understanding of breast cancer as a heterogeneous disease, and led to the development of a variety of prognostic and predictive gene signatures [4]. Morever, these assays may also be useful in recurrence prediction and treatment decision making [5]. One of the most widely used tests is the MammaPrint (MP) assay (Agendia Laboratories, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), which is a prognostic score performed by a central laboratory that was cleared by the FDA in 2007. MP was initially limited by its requirement for fresh tissue, but it is now validated for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue [6]. MP measures the expression of 70 genes using a microarray platform, and reports a binary risk classification (low-risk or high-risk) for recurrence without adjuvant chemotherapy. This information is intended to spare patients at low-risk of recurrence from receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, with its attendant morbidity. It is not intended to predict the response, per se, to chemotherapy; rather, it helps to select patients who are likely to benefit from chemotherapy from a prognostic point of view [7]. More recently developed, the EndoPredict assay (EP) (Sividon Diagnostics GmbH, Cologne, Germany), is a diagnostic test based on gene expression data in combination with clinicopathological risk parameters to assess the risk of distant metastasis in patients with ER-positive/HER2-negative primary breast cancer if treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy alone [8]. This test measures the expression of eight cancer-related genes of interest (BIRC5, UBE2C, DHCR7, RBBP8, IL6ST, AZGP1, MGP and STC2) and three reference genes (CALM2, OAZ1 and RPL37A) to calculate a molecular risk score (EP score). The molecular risk score is then combined with the nodal status and tumor size resulting in a molecular-clinicopathological hybrid score (EPclin score) with improved prognostic power. Using a p redefined cutoff value, patients are stratified into low- or high-risk of distant recurrence. The test can be carried out on routinely processed and archived FFPE tissue, and is designed to be performed decentrally [9, 10]. EP was validated in three randomized endocrine phase III trials with patients with ER-positive/HER2-negative node negative and node positive breast carcinomas [5, 8]. The EP provided additional prognostic information to conventional risk factors such as grading, quantitative ER, or Ki67 and outperformed risk classification by clinical guidelines. Moreover, it could be demonstrated that EP is prognostic for early and late metastasis [5, 11].The EPclin score was also directly compared to purely clinical risk classifications (like St. Gallen, German S3, and NCCN) and found to be superior to these classifiers [11]. The objective of this study was to compare the concordance of EndoPredict results in 40 ER-positive/HER2-negative breast carcinomas which were previously tested with MammaPrint and categorized as low-risk (20 patients) or high-risk (20 patients). We further evaluate TargetPrint (Agendia Laboratories), a commercially available mRNA-based gene expression test that quantitatively determines gene expression levels of ER, PgR, and HER2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients and tumor samples This study involved 40 patients with ER-positive/HER2-negative early-stage breast carcinoma. All patients underwent surgery between March 2012 and December 2015 at the University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain. Data on age and tumor characteristics were collected for all patients. The surgical specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Four- µm thick sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for histological diagnosis. Sections (10 µm) with at least 40% of tumor cellularity were selected for the study. Immunohistochemistry for ER/PR/HER2 and Ki67 and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for HER2 All cases were reviewed by two breast pathologist (DH and LY) to assess tumor grade (using the Nottingham histological three-tier grading system), tumor size, nodal status, ER, PgR, HER-2, and Ki67 expression. The expression of ERÃŽ ± (clone EP1; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark, prediluted), PgR (clone PgR1294; Dako, prediluted), and Ki67 (clone MIB1; Dako, prediluted) were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) during routine pathologic examination. ER and PgR status was determined based on the percentage of positive nuclei in the invasive neoplastic compartment of the tissue. Tumors were classified as ER- or PgR-positive when ≠¥1% invasive tumor cells showed definite nuclear staining, regardless of staining intensity. Ki67 was evaluated as the percentage of positively stained nuclear cancer cells (regardless of staining intensity). HER2 expression was evaluated with the HercepTest kit (Dako) and scored as 0, 1+, 2+, or 3+, according to the FDA scoring system. Tumors scored as 2+ wer e re-tested with FISH using the HER2 IQFISH PharmDx kit (Dako). Mammaprint Test The MammaPrint test was performed on representative paraffin blocks at the centralized Agendia Laboratories (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) blinded for clinical and histological data as part of routine care of the patients included in this study. Additionally to MammaPrint, TargetPrint assay, an additional test that is an alternative measurement of ER, PgR, and HER2 to IHC/FISH assessment, was also performed. EndoPredict Test The same tumor tissue block used for MammaPrint testing in each case was used for EP test. RNA extraction was performed as previously described [9]. Total RNA was extracted from one 10- µm whole formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue section using a silica-coated magnetic bead-based method with Tissue Preparation Reagents (Sividon Diagnostics). Expression of eight genes-of-interest (AZGP1, BIRC5, DHCR7, IL6ST, MGP, RBBP8, STC2, UBE2C), three normalization genes (CALM2, OAZ1, RPL37A) as well as the amount of residual genomic DNA (HBB) were assessed by the EP assay (Sividon Diagnostics). Gene expression was assessed by one-step RT-qPCR using the SuperScript III PLATINUM One-Step Quantitative RT-PCR System with ROX (Invitrogen, Karlsruhe, Germany) according to manufacturers instructions in a VERSANT ® kPCR Molecular System (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Erlangen, Germany). EP and EPclin scores were determined as published earlier [8, 9] using the EndoPredict Report Generator sof tware which is available online (www1.endopredict.com). The predefined cut-offs for diagnostic decisions were applied to stratify patients into low- or high-risk groups: EP low-risk (

The Extraordinary Olive Essay -- Botany

The Extraordinary Olive The several uses of the olive tree, Olea europaea L., have long been recognized and celebrated by human civilization. Olive trees have been cultivated since prehistoric times in Asia Minor, and introduced with human migration and trade throughout the Mediterranean and Europe, into Africa, and eventually into New Zealand and North America. Thomas (1995) lists the beginning of olive cultivation as aproximately 3000 B.C. Olives appear in one of the first cookbooks ever discovered. As long ago as the 17th century B.C., the olive was considered sacred. In Greek mythology, Athena is said to have placed an olive tree on the Acropolis in order to win over the denizens of Attica, a favor for which the city became her namesake, Athens (Anonymous 1997). The champion at the Olympic Games was crowned with its leaves. "Offering an olive branch" is synonymous with peaceful intentions. The oil was burned in the lamps of sacred temples, as well as being the "eternal flame" of the Olympic games. There are many references to the olive in the Bible. One of the most significant is in the tale of Noah and the Flood. The dove, sent out to search for a sign of land and life, returned with none other than an olive branch. Moses proclaimed that all men who worked to cultivate olives were exempt from military service (Grieve 1995). The olive is often referred to as a symbol of goodness, purity, and life. The miracle of Hanukkah was the olive oil which burned for eight nights when there was only enough to last for one day (Prero 1996). It is clear that the olive was an important part of life in the Mediterranean, as is the world over today. Description Olive trees are graceful in appearance, with elegant lanceolate silv... ... shallow. The "mission olive" of California derives its name from the Franciscan missionaries who originally planted them near San Diego around 1759 (Anonymous 1997). Olive production has also recently spread to New Zealand and Australia, but these continue to be incidental yields in comparison to the Mediterranean region. References Anonymous. 1997. Olives. Grieve, M. 1995. Botanical.com; A Modern Herbal. Olive. Electric Newt. Neff, R. and D. ResSeguie. 1995. Oil of Olives, An Ancient Wonder. Sundance Natural Foods. Prero, Y. 1996. Chanukah and Olive Oil: Lessons in Devotion. YomTov, vol.II#22. Thomas, J. Dec, 1995. Olive Fact Sheet. Tous, J. and L. Ferguson. 1996. Mediterranean Fruits. From J. Janick (ed.) Progress in New Crops. ASHS Press, Arlington, VA. p.416-430. U.S.D.A. 1995. An Economic Assessment of Olives. (Executive Summary).